Primary and secondary consolidationThe settlement of saturated soils under increased load consists of two successive phases, commonly called primary and secondary consolidation phases. The primary consolidation phase is dominated by the dissipation of pore pressure and the effective increase in stresses; while the secondary consolidation phase is dominated by creep (viscous deformation) at almost constant effective stress. The consolidation regulation consists of two parts. In conventional soil mechanics, Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation is widely used despite certain limitations. In order to know the compressibility behavior of soil, we can plot void ratio versus logarithmic time using one-dimensional consolidation tests as shown in Figure 1. Types of Consolidation Tests: Conventional Incremental Loading Test (oedometric test) Constant rate strain test (CRS) The settlement calculation can be carried out as follows: Total settlement (S) = C_c/((1+e_0)) log⁡〖 (P_v0 ^'+∆P)/ (P_v0^' )〗+C_α/((1+e_0)) log⁡〖t/t_p 〗This equation assumes that secondary consolidation settlement occurs after dissipation of excess pore water pressure. The most practical question regarding consolidation is how to define consolidation curves relevant to in situ conditions. The existence of creep during the primary consolidation phase is evident, but there are opposing opinions on the role of creep during the primary consolidation phase. Many researchers have pointed out that there are two extreme possibilities. Hypothesis A assumes that creep only occurs after the end of primary consolidation and therefore that the stress-strain curve followed in situ is the same as that obtained in the laboratory at the end of primary consolidation...... middle of paper... ...land reclamation. Finally, the consolidation process is not the only one that controls the rate of clay settlement. Even when excess pore water pressure has completely dissipated, settlement continues, called creep or secondary compression. Toward the end of primary consolidation, the contribution of secondary compression becomes more pronounced and can produce a significant increase in settlements long after primary consolidation has ceased. It is important to remember that the consolidation process is not the only thing that controls the rate of consolidation. colonies in clay. Even when excessive pore water pressure has completely dissipated, various physical phenomena cause continued settlement. If this secondary compression is present from the start of the consolidation process, towards the end of primary consolidation its contribution