A Comprehensive Report on H1n1 Influenza Virus a subtype of influenza A virus, which differs from other strains (H1N1, H1N2) in surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. This new virus is primarily thought to spread through respiratory droplets; Coughing, sneezing, touching respiratory droplets yourself, another person or an object, then touching mucous membranes (e.g. mouth, nose, eyes) without washing hands. Once infection occurs, the clinical spectrum of infection ranges from mild upper respiratory illness to severe complications such as pneumonia leading to respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure and death. This new H1N1 virus was first reported in 2009 in Mexico, and then the WHO officially declared the beginning of the 2009 influenza pandemic in June 2009. The scale of this pandemic was enormous. This has not only affected the health and healthcare of the community, but also other economic and social aspects. Various measures to prevent and control H1N1 infection have been implemented, including non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Due to the explosive demand for in-depth studies on this new virus, this article highlights the scale of the problem, the potential for transmission, and the predisposing factors. Additionally, it explores the different dimensions of clinical presentation, prevention and control. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”?Get the original essayIntroductionH1N1 swine flu is a widespread infection in pigs worldwide and is also known as swine flu for this reason. H1N1 swine flu contributes to respiratory illness and can theoretically affect the respiratory tract of pigs. Sometimes people closely related to or close to pigs develop swine flu (zoonotic swine flu). Swine influenza viruses can potentially cause human infections if the virus changes its antigenic characteristics through reassortment. Influenza A pandemics such as those in 1918 and 2009 can occur when transmission from person to person is successful. In 1918, a devastating influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza virus, also known as the Spanish flu, made it one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. In 2009, the outbreak of swine-human influenza (H1N1), which has the potential to spread from pigs to humans, began in Mexico and quickly spread to many countries around the world. This new "pandemic" has been traced to a triple influenza A virus carrying the porcine gene, Eurasian avian and human strains, although it is unclear when and where the reassortment occurred. Causal agentThe H1N1 influenza virus is an orthomyxovirus, developing virions with an RNA genome of 80 to 120 nm in diameter, the swine influenza genome has 8 different regions which are segmented and encode 11 different proteins: envelope hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) · Viral RNA polymerases that include PB2, PB1, PB1 -F2, PA and PB · Matrix proteins M1 and M2 · Nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2 (NEP), which are crucial for efficient pathogenesis and replicationviral. The HA and NA surface glycoproteins explain how the H1N1 strain differs from other influenza A strains (H1N1, H1N2) depending on the type of HA or NA antigens expressed with metabolic synergy. The function of hemagglutinin is to cause red blood cells to bind and bind the virus to the infected cell. Neuraminidase helps transfer virus particles through infected cells. The scale of the H1N1 flu problem was first reported in Mexico on March 18, 2009. Within weeks, the epidemic spread to 30 countries. On June 11, the WHO officially declared the start of the 2009 influenza pandemic by reporting alert level Phase 6 as nearly 30,000 cases of the 2009 H1N1 virus had been confirmed in 74 countries. The infection was recorded in 122 countries in July, with 134,000 cases. laboratory-confirmed cases and 800 deaths. The scale of global trade and travel allowed swine flu to appear in six weeks to the same extent as previous pandemics did in six months. As of December 2009, more than 208 countries and territories have reported cases of swine flu. By March 2010, almost all countries had recorded cases and more than 17,700 deaths among laboratory-confirmed cases. In the United States, approximately 59 million illnesses, 265,000 hospitalizations, and 12,000 deaths had been caused by the H1N1 virus from 2009 to mid-February 2010. It is important to note that the mortality estimate may have been underestimated because it was based on statistical data. attribution of excess mortality from all causes rather than laboratory-confirmed cases. According to the Ministry of Health, the number of laboratory-confirmed cases in Saudi Arabia as of December 30, 2009 was 15,850, with 124 deaths. In addition to the medical impact of the pandemic, it has also been the cause of societal upheaval. This has had a negative impact on global tourism, with airlines reporting losses in the tens of millions. In Mexico, international air traffic to and from the country declined by 40% following travel controls imposed by some countries early in the outbreak in an effort to contain or slow its international spread. Additionally, closing schools in the United States for an average of four weeks cost up to $47 billion (0.3% of GDP) with a 19% reduction in key medical personnel. People infected with this virus include children under 5 years old. Adults over 65 years of age, young adults, and children under 19 years of age who are taking long-term aspirin therapy. People whose immune systems are weakened due to illnesses such as AIDS. Women currently pregnant. People with chronic illnesses such as asthma, heart disease, diabetes mellitus or neuromuscular diseases.TransmissionThe potential mode of transmission is through droplets from coughing or sneezing and direct or indirect contact with the respiratory secretions of a person. infected person. Handling surfaces contaminated by viruses (fomites) as well as inhaling bacterial aerosols into the nose or mouth. Passive vectors are inanimate objects (e.g. children's toys) which, through indirect contact, can serve as vehicles for the spread of disease. Infectious aerosols are composed of large droplets and droplet nuclei. Large respiratory droplets are >5 to 10 μm in diameter and are involved in short-range transmission. The diameter of droplet nuclei is <5 μm and they are responsible for long-range transmission (long-distance or airborne transmission). Rapid spread has been observed within the population, particularly inbusy places such as schools. Clinical Presentation The symptoms of H1N1 influenza are similar to those of seasonal influenza: fever, cough, sore throat, malaise, headache, myalgia, arthralgia and fatigue. Many patients, especially in the pediatric age group, experienced vomiting and diarrhea, which is not common with seasonal flu. Available data suggest that the clinical spectrum of H1N1 virus infection is broad, ranging from mild upper respiratory illness to severe complications such as respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) , multiorgan failure and death. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea have been reported in 20-50% of patients and do not require hospitalization. For some countries, primary viral pneumonia or viral pneumonia is the main cause of hospitalization. Microbiological evidence of secondary bacterial or fungal infection has been found in fatal events... In the United States, more than 70% of hospitalized patients and approximately 80% of fatal cases had underlying conditions considered to be exposing them to a high risk of complications. Surveillance data on hospitalizations and deaths from H1N1 infection show that people who are pregnant, at extreme ages, and those with underlying chronic illnesses are at greatest risk for severe or complicated flu. An additional risk factor that has emerged with this influenza pandemic is obesity (body mass index, Q30 kg/m2), a characteristic that was not prevalent during previous seasonal influenza epidemics. Likewise, information on the incubation period of this virus has been deduced from that of seasonal influenza and varies from 1 to 7 days. Children with ILI are presumed to shed the virus from the day before the fever until 7 days after the onset of illness; Viral shedding may be longer in certain groups such as young infants and immunocompromised children. For prophylaxis, the infectious period of influenza is defined as 1 day before the onset of fever until 24 hours after the end of the fever. Prevention and control Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention measures are applied by developing countries to limit and prevent the disease. Non-pharmacological measures include: personal hygiene, washing hands with soap, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, avoiding crowded places, cancellation of social events such as weddings and closure schools and shopping centers. Mandatory isolation of cases and quarantine of close contacts. Health workers should collect clinical samples in adequate biosafety facilities and protective equipment should be used during procedures. For pharmacological measures: antiviral drugs (oseltamivir and zanamivir) are recommended and the drug of choice against H1N1 flu, it should be administered within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms, and as a priority for those patients with risk factors. risk of serious illness such as elderly patients. (> 65 years), pregnant women, patients who are immunocompromised or have a chronic illness such as asthma, and young children (148 hours after symptom onset. Antiviral prophylaxis should be administered to health care workers for a period of duration of up to 6 weeks for oseltamivir and 4 weeks for oseltamivir, as well as close contacts and patients who do not receive prophylaxis should undergo early treatment with an antiviral drug.VaccinationThe.vaccine is available in some countries. This is the most effective measure to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with influenza. based on the A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) strain, it is available in live attenuated and inactivated formulations. A single dose is adequate for people over 9 years of age, and an immune response has been observed in 80-96% of people. adults aged 18 to 64 and 56% to 80% of adults aged 65 or older. Children under 10 years old will need two doses separated by at least 21 days. The live attenuated vaccine is reserved for people aged 2 to 49 years who are not pregnant, immunocompetent and do not suffer from any chronic illness. It is contraindicated in children under five years of age with asthma, children receiving long-term aspirin, and those under close monitoring. contact with immunocompromised people. The inactivated vaccine is contraindicated in patients with severe allergies to eggs or any component of the vaccine. Keep in mind: this is just a sample. Get a personalized document from our expert writers now. Get a Personalized Essay Conclusion: H1N1 is a subtype of influenza virus. which triggers upper and lower respiratory tract infections, the number of laboratories in Saudi Arabia as of December 30, 2009 was 15,850, with 124 deaths... It is transmitted by droplets from coughs or sneezes, by direct contact or indirectly with the respiratory secretions of the infected person, by proximity to objects contaminated by the virus (fomites), by contact with the nose or mouth and by inhalation of infectious aerosols. Patients usually have fever, cough, sore throat, malaise, headache, myalgia, arthralgia and muscle fatigue, it can also cause any inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Public health care, hand washing with soap, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing are prevention strategies, and antiviral prophylaxis may also be used. There are two types of live attenuated and inactivated vaccines used respectively. ReferencesKshatriya RM, Khara NV, Ganjiwale J, Lote SD, Patel SN, Paliwal RP. Lessons learned from the Indian H1N1 (swine flu) outbreak: predictors of outcomes based on epidemiological and clinical profile. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018 November-December; 7(6):1506-1509. López, A. and Martinson, S.A. (2017). Respiratory system, mediastinum and pleura1. Pathological bases of veterinary diseases, 471–560.e1. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00009-6Keenliside J. Pandemic H1N1 influenza in pigs and other animals. Curr. High. Microbiol. Immunol. 2013; 370:259-71. Nogales A, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chiem K, Topham DJ, DeDiego ML. Functional evolution of the 2009 H1N1 NS1 and PA pandemic influenza virus in humans. J. Virol. October 1, 2018;92(19)Baudon E, Chu DKW, Tung DD, Thi Nga P, Vu Mai Phuong H, Le Khanh - --Hang N, Thanh LT, Thuy NT, Khanh NC, Mai LQ, Khong NV, Cowling BJ, Peyre M, Peiris M. Swine influenza virus in northern Vietnam in 2013-2014. Emerging microbes infect. July 2, 2018; 7(1):123.00.046.0.01. Influenza A Virus. ICTVdB Virus Description - 00046001 Influenza A Virus. Sullivan, SJ, Jacobson, RM, Dowdle, WR, & Poland, GA (2010). H1N1 Flu 2009. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 85(1), 64-76. doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0588Saunders-Hastings, P. & Krewski, D. (2016). Review of the history of pandemic influenza: understanding patterns of emergence and transmission. Pathogens, 5(4), 66. doi:10.3390/pathogens5040066 Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, Harper SA, Shaw M, Uyeki TM, et al.. Clinical aspects of pandemic influenza A virus infection ( H1N1) of).20].

Essay / A Comprehensive Report on H1n1 Influenza Virus a subtype of influenza A virus, which differs from other strains (H1N1, H1N2) in surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. This new virus is primarily thought to spread through respiratory droplets; Coughing, sneezing, touching respiratory droplets yourself, another person or an object, then touching mucous membranes (e.g. mouth, nose, eyes) without washing hands. Once infection occurs, the clinical spectrum of infection ranges from mild upper respiratory illness to severe complications such as pneumonia leading to respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure and death. This new H1N1 virus was first reported in 2009 in Mexico, and then the WHO officially declared the beginning of the 2009 influenza pandemic in June 2009. The scale of this pandemic was enormous. This has not only affected the health and healthcare of the community, but also other economic and social aspects. Various measures to prevent and control H1N1 infection have been implemented, including non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Due to the explosive demand for in-depth studies on this new virus, this article highlights the scale of the problem, the potential for transmission, and the predisposing factors. Additionally, it explores the different dimensions of clinical presentation, prevention and control. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”?Get the original essayIntroductionH1N1 swine flu is a widespread infection in pigs worldwide and is also known as swine flu for this reason. H1N1 swine flu contributes to respiratory illness and can theoretically affect the respiratory tract of pigs. Sometimes people closely related to or close to pigs develop swine flu (zoonotic swine flu). Swine influenza viruses can potentially cause human infections if the virus changes its antigenic characteristics through reassortment. Influenza A pandemics such as those in 1918 and 2009 can occur when transmission from person to person is successful. In 1918, a devastating influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza virus, also known as the Spanish flu, made it one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. In 2009, the outbreak of swine-human influenza (H1N1), which has the potential to spread from pigs to humans, began in Mexico and quickly spread to many countries around the world. This new "pandemic" has been traced to a triple influenza A virus carrying the porcine gene, Eurasian avian and human strains, although it is unclear when and where the reassortment occurred. Causal agentThe H1N1 influenza virus is an orthomyxovirus, developing virions with an RNA genome of 80 to 120 nm in diameter, the swine influenza genome has 8 different regions which are segmented and encode 11 different proteins: envelope hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) · Viral RNA polymerases that include PB2, PB1, PB1 -F2, PA and PB · Matrix proteins M1 and M2 · Nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2 (NEP), which are crucial for efficient pathogenesis and replicationviral. The HA and NA surface glycoproteins explain how the H1N1 strain differs from other influenza A strains (H1N1, H1N2) depending on the type of HA or NA antigens expressed with metabolic synergy. The function of hemagglutinin is to cause red blood cells to bind and bind the virus to the infected cell. Neuraminidase helps transfer virus particles through infected cells. The scale of the H1N1 flu problem was first reported in Mexico on March 18, 2009. Within weeks, the epidemic spread to 30 countries. On June 11, the WHO officially declared the start of the 2009 influenza pandemic by reporting alert level Phase 6 as nearly 30,000 cases of the 2009 H1N1 virus had been confirmed in 74 countries. The infection was recorded in 122 countries in July, with 134,000 cases. laboratory-confirmed cases and 800 deaths. The scale of global trade and travel allowed swine flu to appear in six weeks to the same extent as previous pandemics did in six months. As of December 2009, more than 208 countries and territories have reported cases of swine flu. By March 2010, almost all countries had recorded cases and more than 17,700 deaths among laboratory-confirmed cases. In the United States, approximately 59 million illnesses, 265,000 hospitalizations, and 12,000 deaths had been caused by the H1N1 virus from 2009 to mid-February 2010. It is important to note that the mortality estimate may have been underestimated because it was based on statistical data. attribution of excess mortality from all causes rather than laboratory-confirmed cases. According to the Ministry of Health, the number of laboratory-confirmed cases in Saudi Arabia as of December 30, 2009 was 15,850, with 124 deaths. In addition to the medical impact of the pandemic, it has also been the cause of societal upheaval. This has had a negative impact on global tourism, with airlines reporting losses in the tens of millions. In Mexico, international air traffic to and from the country declined by 40% following travel controls imposed by some countries early in the outbreak in an effort to contain or slow its international spread. Additionally, closing schools in the United States for an average of four weeks cost up to $47 billion (0.3% of GDP) with a 19% reduction in key medical personnel. People infected with this virus include children under 5 years old. Adults over 65 years of age, young adults, and children under 19 years of age who are taking long-term aspirin therapy. People whose immune systems are weakened due to illnesses such as AIDS. Women currently pregnant. People with chronic illnesses such as asthma, heart disease, diabetes mellitus or neuromuscular diseases.TransmissionThe potential mode of transmission is through droplets from coughing or sneezing and direct or indirect contact with the respiratory secretions of a person. infected person. Handling surfaces contaminated by viruses (fomites) as well as inhaling bacterial aerosols into the nose or mouth. Passive vectors are inanimate objects (e.g. children's toys) which, through indirect contact, can serve as vehicles for the spread of disease. Infectious aerosols are composed of large droplets and droplet nuclei. Large respiratory droplets are >5 to 10 μm in diameter and are involved in short-range transmission. The diameter of droplet nuclei is <5 μm and they are responsible for long-range transmission (long-distance or airborne transmission). Rapid spread has been observed within the population, particularly inbusy places such as schools. Clinical Presentation The symptoms of H1N1 influenza are similar to those of seasonal influenza: fever, cough, sore throat, malaise, headache, myalgia, arthralgia and fatigue. Many patients, especially in the pediatric age group, experienced vomiting and diarrhea, which is not common with seasonal flu. Available data suggest that the clinical spectrum of H1N1 virus infection is broad, ranging from mild upper respiratory illness to severe complications such as respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) , multiorgan failure and death. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea have been reported in 20-50% of patients and do not require hospitalization. For some countries, primary viral pneumonia or viral pneumonia is the main cause of hospitalization. Microbiological evidence of secondary bacterial or fungal infection has been found in fatal events... In the United States, more than 70% of hospitalized patients and approximately 80% of fatal cases had underlying conditions considered to be exposing them to a high risk of complications. Surveillance data on hospitalizations and deaths from H1N1 infection show that people who are pregnant, at extreme ages, and those with underlying chronic illnesses are at greatest risk for severe or complicated flu. An additional risk factor that has emerged with this influenza pandemic is obesity (body mass index, Q30 kg/m2), a characteristic that was not prevalent during previous seasonal influenza epidemics. Likewise, information on the incubation period of this virus has been deduced from that of seasonal influenza and varies from 1 to 7 days. Children with ILI are presumed to shed the virus from the day before the fever until 7 days after the onset of illness; Viral shedding may be longer in certain groups such as young infants and immunocompromised children. For prophylaxis, the infectious period of influenza is defined as 1 day before the onset of fever until 24 hours after the end of the fever. Prevention and control Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention measures are applied by developing countries to limit and prevent the disease. Non-pharmacological measures include: personal hygiene, washing hands with soap, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, avoiding crowded places, cancellation of social events such as weddings and closure schools and shopping centers. Mandatory isolation of cases and quarantine of close contacts. Health workers should collect clinical samples in adequate biosafety facilities and protective equipment should be used during procedures. For pharmacological measures: antiviral drugs (oseltamivir and zanamivir) are recommended and the drug of choice against H1N1 flu, it should be administered within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms, and as a priority for those patients with risk factors. risk of serious illness such as elderly patients. (> 65 years), pregnant women, patients who are immunocompromised or have a chronic illness such as asthma, and young children (148 hours after symptom onset. Antiviral prophylaxis should be administered to health care workers for a period of duration of up to 6 weeks for oseltamivir and 4 weeks for oseltamivir, as well as close contacts and patients who do not receive prophylaxis should undergo early treatment with an antiviral drug.VaccinationThe.vaccine is available in some countries. This is the most effective measure to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with influenza. based on the A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) strain, it is available in live attenuated and inactivated formulations. A single dose is adequate for people over 9 years of age, and an immune response has been observed in 80-96% of people. adults aged 18 to 64 and 56% to 80% of adults aged 65 or older. Children under 10 years old will need two doses separated by at least 21 days. The live attenuated vaccine is reserved for people aged 2 to 49 years who are not pregnant, immunocompetent and do not suffer from any chronic illness. It is contraindicated in children under five years of age with asthma, children receiving long-term aspirin, and those under close monitoring. contact with immunocompromised people. The inactivated vaccine is contraindicated in patients with severe allergies to eggs or any component of the vaccine. Keep in mind: this is just a sample. Get a personalized document from our expert writers now. Get a Personalized Essay Conclusion: H1N1 is a subtype of influenza virus. which triggers upper and lower respiratory tract infections, the number of laboratories in Saudi Arabia as of December 30, 2009 was 15,850, with 124 deaths... It is transmitted by droplets from coughs or sneezes, by direct contact or indirectly with the respiratory secretions of the infected person, by proximity to objects contaminated by the virus (fomites), by contact with the nose or mouth and by inhalation of infectious aerosols. Patients usually have fever, cough, sore throat, malaise, headache, myalgia, arthralgia and muscle fatigue, it can also cause any inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Public health care, hand washing with soap, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing are prevention strategies, and antiviral prophylaxis may also be used. There are two types of live attenuated and inactivated vaccines used respectively. ReferencesKshatriya RM, Khara NV, Ganjiwale J, Lote SD, Patel SN, Paliwal RP. Lessons learned from the Indian H1N1 (swine flu) outbreak: predictors of outcomes based on epidemiological and clinical profile. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018 November-December; 7(6):1506-1509. López, A. and Martinson, S.A. (2017). Respiratory system, mediastinum and pleura1. Pathological bases of veterinary diseases, 471–560.e1. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00009-6Keenliside J. Pandemic H1N1 influenza in pigs and other animals. Curr. High. Microbiol. Immunol. 2013; 370:259-71. Nogales A, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chiem K, Topham DJ, DeDiego ML. Functional evolution of the 2009 H1N1 NS1 and PA pandemic influenza virus in humans. J. Virol. October 1, 2018;92(19)Baudon E, Chu DKW, Tung DD, Thi Nga P, Vu Mai Phuong H, Le Khanh - --Hang N, Thanh LT, Thuy NT, Khanh NC, Mai LQ, Khong NV, Cowling BJ, Peyre M, Peiris M. Swine influenza virus in northern Vietnam in 2013-2014. Emerging microbes infect. July 2, 2018; 7(1):123.00.046.0.01. Influenza A Virus. ICTVdB Virus Description - 00046001 Influenza A Virus. Sullivan, SJ, Jacobson, RM, Dowdle, WR, & Poland, GA (2010). H1N1 Flu 2009. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 85(1), 64-76. doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0588Saunders-Hastings, P. & Krewski, D. (2016). Review of the history of pandemic influenza: understanding patterns of emergence and transmission. Pathogens, 5(4), 66. doi:10.3390/pathogens5040066 Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, Harper SA, Shaw M, Uyeki TM, et al.. Clinical aspects of pandemic influenza A virus infection ( H1N1) of).20].

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