The 17th century marks a turning point for absolutism in Western Europe. The first part of the century was devoted to the religious wars known today as the Thirty Years' War, which lasted from 1618 to 1648. Cardinal Richelieu, prime minister of King Louis XIII, was able to maintain absolute authority over France during the war. Unlike Richelieu, King Charles I of England was not as successful and had difficulties with his Parliament. While France continued to prosper under this absolute monarchy, England slowly began to move toward constitutionalism. Fear of population growth among religious groups sparked a very long war throughout Europe, primarily in modern-day Germany. The Thirty Years' War, which began in 1618, can be broken down into four phases. The first phase began in Bohemia between the Catholic League and the Protestant Union. Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II was determined to eliminate the Protestants in Bohemia, causing them to rebel against the Catholics. The Protestants failed and were defeated in 1620 at the Battle of White Mountain. Subsequently, King Christian IV of Denmark joined forces with those of England and France to defend the Protestants. His allied forces invaded Germany during the second phase of the war, but were defeated twice in 1626, at the Battle of Dessau Bridge and the Battle of Lutter. The Treaty of Lübeck, signed in 1629, ended relations between Danes and Protestants, thus ending the second phase of the war. Fearing growing power within the Catholic Hapsburgs, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden took matters into his own hands and launched the third phase. He defeated the Catholics at the Battle of Breitenfeld in 1631 and died in the middle of the newspaper...... France and Parliament concluded that his departure was an abandonment of fate. Parliament then invited Mary to become Queen of England and she accepted on the condition that William of Orange would also be king. This brief series of events ended in 1689 with little bloodshed and began the necessary changes toward constitutionalism, thus seen as the Glorious Revolution. After the Glorious Revolution, Parliament formed the English Bill of Rights, marking the end of absolute monarchy. The Bill of Rights places limits on the authority of the Crown and defines the rights of Parliament. It allowed freedom of speech, the right to vote in administrative positions and gave Parliament the right to appeal the ruler's decisions. John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government had a considerable influence on the creation of the English Bill of Rights..