Addiction can be defined as “the fact or condition of being dependent on a particular substance or activity” (Oxford University Press, 2014). Addictive substances can vary widely, from drugs, alcohol and gambling to art, food and exercise. There are many views regarding the development of addiction; Is it more appropriate to view addiction as a disease or a moral failure? The disease model treats addiction as a disease and associated behaviors as signs and symptoms. A disease can be described as “a disorder of structure or function in a human being, animal or plant: which produces specific symptoms: and is not simply the direct result of physical injury” (Oxford University Press, 2014). Suggestions that addictions are diseases appear in the literature as early as 1700 (Campbell, 2003). However, it was more widely accepted during the 1700s that addiction was a symptom of pathological breakdown or impairment of accepted moral functioning (Harding, 1986). Drug addiction was still considered a bad habit and not a disease until the early 19th century (Berridge, 1979). The 20th century saw the medical profession expand, providing a greater understanding of the psychological and physiological effects of addictive behavior, although some believe that morality plays a greater role. They argue that it takes an act of conscious engagement to consume enough drugs for addiction to develop (CITE). Yet the “disease model” asserts that many individuals are made vulnerable to addiction by genetics. The observation of an association between addiction and genetics has been confirmed by studies on family, twins and adoption (Ball, 2006). Merikangas et al (1998) found a significantly increased risk of addiction among relatives of drug addicts. Ujike (2008) also found evidence of ...... middle of paper ...... factors. Addiction should be considered a brain disorder, but not one entirely separate from morality and personal responsibility. Medical and moral perceptions of addiction can be combined (Berridge, 1979). Furthermore, research on addiction as a disease seems more abundant, which limits the scope of this essay. This could be because it is considered more compelling, as psychology develops as a science, to find evidence that can be measured scientifically rather than socially. Furthermore, intensive research into the biological rather than moral underpinnings of addiction could lead to further advances in effective treatment. Additionally, if it is for the greater good of society, it seems that forcing treatment is considered ethically acceptable if only until recovery. However, drug addicts have the right to refuse, which must be respected..