Medical ethics refers to the standards of conduct and associated values ​​that govern the relationship between practitioner and patient in biomedical contexts. Added to this concept is bioethics which covers the values ​​and standards that should apply to (scientific) research, doctors, nurses and other activities of biomedical practitioners. Bioethics attempts to influence the way biomedical practitioners act in the field of biomedicine. However, it is obvious that these two concepts (medical and bioethical) tend to govern only Western biomedicine. Alternative medical ethno-ethics, Richard Lieban suggests, concerns "the moral principles and issues of health care as conceived and responded to." by the members of a society” (quoted in Joralemon, 2010, p. 106). Is medical ethno-ethics an alternative to medicine and bioethics, applicable to both traditional healing systems and biomedicine? For the purposes of this assignment (particularly part a), I will discuss ethics and whether or not a universal concept can apply to all healing systems that recognize the many cultural norms and values which guide healing behaviors, and discuss the anthropologist intervening in a medical context. For Part B, I will discuss psychoactive substances (party pills) and animal testing as a current medical ethics issue in New Zealand. So, is it possible to have a code of ethics universally applicable to all systems of healing, biomedicine, traditional medicine? and everyone in between? Understand what therapeutic methods have to do with each culture's definitions of medicine, treatment, health, and the boundaries that may (or may not) separate religious, political, or familial healing practices. We will see healing merge with...... middle of paper ...... human consumption is due to testing of toxic substances on animals for results that can produce both false positives and false negative. Medicines produce different effects in animals than in humans. For example, caffeine, which is highly toxic to dogs (and found in party pills), is virtually harmless to humans. To the point where animal testing carried out outside of New Zealand poses a greater risk to the animal, as many countries, such as China and India, which carry out animal testing, have little or no no animal welfare protection for the animals used. We need to ask ourselves whether psychoactive substances (which have no medical benefit) that fall under the "legal high" have a place in our society, and whether we can accept harmful and potentially lethal animal testing to provide data possibly inaccurate for optional recreational purposes. drug use.