Non-compliance with instructions is one of the most common childhood problems for which professional help or behavioral treatment is sought. (Bernal, Klinnert and Schultz, 1980; Miles and Wilder, 2009). Non-compliance is defined as failure to comply with an instruction within a specified time period. Non-compliance with instructions is common in preschool settings (Crowther, Bond, & Rolf, 1981), with the prevalence of non-compliance among children estimated to be between 8% and 65% (Kalb & Loeber, 2003; Rodriguez, Thompson, & Baynham, 2010). Non-compliance has several negative impacts on an individual. First, failure to comply with requests or instructions can interfere with a child's learning. This is particularly true for children who engage in noncompliant behaviors sustained by escapism. A child's learning will be affected if they are often absent from class, depriving them of opportunities to learn new skills. Thus, following the teacher's instructions in the classroom is essential for effective learning (Martens and Kelly, 1993). Additionally, failure to follow rules affects the development of social skills, as the child may learn to engage in inappropriate behaviors to gain attention or escape demand. These inappropriate behaviors can in turn affect positive social interactions with peers and teachers. Second, failure to comply also limits access to potential employment opportunities, particularly for growing individuals with learning and developmental disabilities. The ability to comply with supervisor's instructions and requests is a necessary skill required of an employee. Additionally, noncompliance is often compounded when individuals engage in aggression or self-harming behaviors to escape demands. Noncompliance, associated with inappropriate behaviors, ...... middle of paper ...... repeated coupling or exposure to consequence-based procedures such as extinction. That is, consistent exposure to extinction or other consequence-based interventions can establish high-p instructions as discriminative stimuli for compliance (Wilder, Allison, Nicholson, Abellon, & Saulnier, 2010). Finally, although the studies presented have established the effectiveness of positive reinforcement on noncompliance, it will be interesting to know if there are conditions in which positive reinforcement contingencies are not as effective. For example, he may be less effective when given more difficult or very distasteful tasks. Additionally, most research conducted has used edible reinforcers, so future research should attempt to determine the effects of other positive reinforcers on problem behaviors maintained by escape. Future research could examine these possibilities.