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Essay / Stroop Effect: Color Formulation and Cognitive Interference
The adaptive capacity of behavior and the conditions that affect it have been a central area of research for psychologists since its inception. When behaviors are learned, they become automatic processes. Automatic processes can be described as behavior that is not particularly motivated by the need to avoid errors, because a person no longer has to consciously think about the next desired piece of information. Automatic processes occur with less effort and errors, while controlled processes must occur with the person's full attention. Controlled processes require conscious decisions to perform tasks and can be error prone. Tasks such as walking, writing, and reading are examples of automatic processes that only recognize an error after it has occurred. Errors can occur due to factors that may cause interference with cognitive processes. The ability to distinguish colors is an example of a controlled process that is part of the Stroop effect. The Stroop effect was an experiment developed by John Ridley Stroop to demonstrate that interference in cognitive processes can be created. He did this by applying mismatched colors to words for colors (i.e. the word green was written in red) and asking people to name the color, a controlled task, while reading, an automatic task; it has become the standard for studying the process of deriving meaning from words. Overlearned automatic processes sometimes interfere with conscious processes. Automatic processes are beneficial for rapid and effortless processing of cognitive thought, but can be negative if they become difficult to stop when conditions are appropriate. Thus, when a controlled process competes directly with an automatic process in certain tasks, the automatic process...... middle of paper ...... strings, letter strings, and color assignment in correspondence with the letter strings and its positioning. Results As expected, there was a main effect of list type, F(2, 42) = 8.63, p = 0.001 on duration recorded in seconds and accurate to the nearest hundredth of a millisecond close. The pseudo (M = 14.66, SD = 3.72), neutral (M = 14.88, SD = 3.7), and color list type (M = 18.21, SD = 4.65 ) were reliable, as shown in Figure 1. Post hoc t test was analyzed and resulted in significance for neutral words t(21) = -3.04, p < 0.001 and color words t( 21) = 4.06, p < 0.001. References MacLeod, MC (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203. Redding, G & Gerjets, D. (1977). Stroop effect: interference and facilitation with verbal and manual responses. Perceptual and motor skills, 45, 11-17.