WSN design includes various disciplines such as databases, query processing, networking, algorithms, and distributed systems. The basic functionality of WSN generally depends on the applications, but the following requirements are typical. I) determine the value of a parameter at a given location. II) Detect the occurrence of events of interest and estimate event parameters. III) Classify the object that was detected. IV) Track an object. Sensing principles include mechanical, chemical, thermal, electrical, chromatographic, magnetic, biological, fluidic, optical, ultrasonic and mass sensing. Sensor networks may be exposed to harsh environments such as high temperatures, high noise levels, or corrosive chemicals. Typical sensor parameters include physical measurement, chemical and biological measurement, and event measurement. The hardware components of the WSN should include sensing and actuation unit, processing unit, communication unit, power supply unit and other application dependent units. Sensors typically have four basic hardware subsystems. A) Power supply, B) Computer logic and storage, C) Sensor transducers, D) communications unit. Sensors have five basic software subsystems. I) Operating system microcode (middleware), II) Sensor drivers, III) Communication processors, IV) Communication drivers, V) Mini data processing applications. Sensor nodes face certain resource constraints such as energy consumption, communication, computation, and uncertainty of measured parameters. The electromagnetic spectrum provides an unguided medium for point-to-point and/or broadcast radio transmission. A transmission channel is never perfect because it is subject to noise sources. The following factors are considered by...... middle of paper ......ocols concerned. The security framework discussed here is useful for designing the system architecture. There are various issues and challenges while designing architecture. Some questions are addressed in this article. The future challenge is to overcome the problems mentioned. The new technology should be able to exploit several possibilities to precisely manage the agricultural sector. In the near future, the agricultural sector could face multiple challenges. Recent trends should address this and should help in successfully building the prototypes. The agricultural sector in the Indian context still uses age-old techniques and it is important to upgrade the entire system. Current technology will help in getting the right harvest, by analyzing different parameters such as weather, soil temperature and air humidity, and will help the farmer to maximize his benefits..