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  • Essay / Tumor tissues and healthy tissues - 777

    Nowadays, many research teams are trying to develop new ways to treat cancer or improve the effectiveness of already existing treatment strategies. To do this, it is important to understand the differences between tumor tissue and healthy tissue. One of these differences concerns the pH in a cancer environment. In normal cells, the intracellular pH is generally around 7.2 and therefore lower than the extracellular pH of 7.4. Cancer tissue, however, presents an inverted pH gradient: the intracellular pH is increased (>7.4) and the extracellular pH is lower than usual (6.7-7.1). This gradient is maintained through changes in the expression and activity of particular plasma membrane ionic pumps and transporters that facilitate H+ efflux. Due to the increase in intracellular pH, cell proliferation and evasion of apoptosis are possible and metabolic adaptation is facilitated. Moreover, for efficient directed cell migration, a higher intracellular pH is even mandatory. Decreased extracellular pH also provides some benefits for tumor development: HCO3-dependent buffering is limited, extracellular matrix remodeling is promoted, and acid-activated proteases are stimulated, facilitating invasion and the dissemination of tumor cells (Webb and others 2011). The difference between tumor tissue and normal tissue is the concentration of glutathione. Glutathione (GSH) is composed of three amino acids: cysteine, glycine and glutamate (see Figure 1.1). It is a very important antioxidant and is present in virtually every cell in the human body. The concentration of GSH is much higher in the intracellular medium (0.5-10 mM) than in the extracellular medium (2-20 µM), and in tumor tissues the concentration of GSH is at least 4 times higher than in normal tissues (F... ... middle of article ...... degree of intermolecular association. By adjusting the formulation or chemical moieties of the drug delivery system, time and place of drug release can be controlled (You and others 2010) The term nanocarriers includes a wide range of nano-sized drug delivery systems. The oldest and at the same time most clinically established nanocarriers are liposomes, spheres. composed of an aqueous core surrounded by one or more concentric lipid bilayers the encapsulation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, respectively in the aqueous core and in the lipid membrane (Hafner eta 2014). hydrophobic compounds, they allow the trapping of high potency drug molecules, they reduce systemic side effects and toxicity and attenuate drug clearance (Riehemann and others. 2009)