IntroductionIf the endothelium were to be considered an organ, it would undoubtedly be the largest, with its 6,000 billion cells, its surface area of ​​5,000 m2 and its weight of 1 kg. With knowledge of the endothelium dating back to the early 1600s with William Harvey's work on closed circuit circulation with a pump and Marcello Malpighi's observations of blood capillaries, attention over the next 400 years grew. mainly focused on the pump itself, leading to the creation of a major clinical field: cardiology. Although scientists were aware of blood vessels and their role in circulation, it was not until the early 1960s that the endothelium could be observed under an electron microscope and therefore differentiated and characterized.1 Cell recognition endothelial cells with diverse structures and functions has led to a considerable increase in research and interest in this area, and it is now well established that endothelial cells constitute a rather active cell layer and are highly adapted to their microenvironment. In particular, a specific growth factor, VEGF, has been shown to be unquestionably relevant to almost all endothelial disorders. Role and classification of the endothelium It is widely known that the endothelium plays a role in almost all disease states, ranging from cancers to hematology-oncology and sepsis. in infectious diseases, hepatitis and stroke, respectively in gastroenterology and neurology. Therefore, one cannot rely solely on the mechanisms of an endothelial cell from one location as a model and predictor of the structure and function of another, as it is recognized that there is a great diversity of phenotypes , each differing from each other. " is not a recognized clinical discipline, most knowledge concerns it...... middle of article ...... y, and more particularly, VEGF has been shown to accelerate neovascularization and plaque progression However, the use of endothelial cell growth factors and inhibitors in patients with cardiovascular diseases raises some questions. On the one hand, VEGF inhibitors should regulate plaque angiogenesis. prevent their rupture. However, in the event of plaque rupture and stenosis of the artery, VEGF therapy can be used to alleviate severe vascular occlusion. In addition, “anti-VEGF” is not equivalent to “anti-angiogenesis. ", because the general effects of stimulators and inhibitors with widespread mechanisms and differences in cellular targets cannot be generalized to all agents. Currently, there are no tools to monitor plaque neovascularization or predict plaque hemorrhage. plaques, the risks of promoting plaque angiogenesis, instability and acute ischemic syndromes cannot be accurately estimated..21