In the article “The long-term impact of childhood abuse on internalizing disorders in the elderly” Child abuse is a factor of major life stress that has significant consequences on several mental health indices in adults (Sachs-Ericsson, Verona, Joiner, & Preacher, 2006). The link between childhood abuse and adult outcomes provides insight into how seriously it affects you later in life. In the survey, a measure of childhood abuse experiences, including emotional, physical and sexual, was recorded. Percipients were also analyzed for any low levels of self-esteem issues. After three years, the same participants were re-interviewed. They have now been diagnosed using the DSM-IV. Diagnoses included internalizing disorders such as anxiety and mood disorders. In the report, it includes demographic data on abused and non-abused older adults. Next, a series of hierarchical linear regression analyzes were performed with the number of internalized diagnoses as the dependent measure and the childhood maltreatment scale inserted into the model as the predictor, after the inclusion of covariates. (Sachs-Ericsson, N., Gayman, MD, Kendall-Tackett, K 2010). Variables related to gender, age, education, and family of origin were included as covariates. Among the baseline sample (N = 1,460), 7.2% of participants reported a history of childhood abuse (physical, sexual, or emotional). Specifically, 2.6% reported being physically abused as children, 2.4% reported sexual abuse, and 3.9% reported emotional abuse. (Sachs-Ericsson, N., Gayman, MD, Kendall-Tackett, K 2010) A standardized interaction term including maltreatment and self-esteem was then entered into the model to determine whether maltreatment had a greater effect on mental health at higher levels of self-esteem compared to effects at lower levels of self-esteem. (Sachs-Ericsson, N., Gayman, MD, Kendall-Tackett, K 2010). Finally, to determine whether a DSM-IV disorder resulted in a response to childhood maltreatment, regression analyzes were repeated with each specific DSM as the dependent measure. As a result, those who experienced childhood maltreatment had a greater internalizing disorder score over one year at follow-up than those who did not experience childhood maltreatment. Maltreatment has also been shown not to be correlated with self-esteem. The article titled “Gender Differences in Long-Term Health Consequences of Child Physical Abuse.” The predictor variable: childhood physical abuse and the dependent variables: health problems in adulthood. The sample was made up of half men and half women. Age, employment, education level and race were all controlled.