Smith, a 5-year-old boy, experienced decreased oxygen saturation and abdominal distension. Abdominal x-ray showed free air in the abdomen. When obtaining consent for surgery, parents refuse the use of blood or blood products, because both are Jehovah's Witnesses. However, it is impossible for the baby to survive without a blood transfusion during the operation (Meadow et al., 2010). There is no absolute right or wrong in this case, which is based on a synthesis of other real clinical scenarios. The purpose of this essay is to explore the dilemmas between ethical issues, the law, and the family's wishes and their effects. Ethics is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of rational decision-making processes. Culturally effective pediatric health care can be defined as the provision of care within the context of appropriate knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of physicians of all cultural distinctions leading to optimal health outcomes. However, where the parents' decision is not in the best interests of the child, the pediatric nurse must advocate on their behalf to protect their rights to receive treatment in accordance with the Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia (ANMC 2006). The nurse's first step in resolving the ethical dilemma is to honestly provide the parents with information about the child's diagnosis, treatments, outcomes, and risks. This allows parents to make a free and informed decision (ANMC 2006; Janine & William 2010). During the discussion between healthcare professionals and parents, a fully explained situation can help the family realize that the decision may not be the best choice for the child. Practitioners should strive to remain truly objective and avoid any person...... middle of document ......h Necrotizing enterocolitis in parents who are Jehovah's Witnesses', Pediatrics, vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 151-155.Office of the Public Advocate 2010, Jehovah's Witnesses and Blood Transfusions, Office of the Public Advocate, Australia, Melbourne.Schmitt, S., Mailaender, V., Egerer, G., Leo, A., Becker, S., Reinhardt, P., Wiesneth, M., Schrezenmeier, H., Ho, AD, Goldschmidt, H. & Moehler, TM 2008, "Successful autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in an affected Jehovah's Witness of multiple myeloma: review of the literature and recommendations for high-dose chemotherapy without allogeneic blood product support", International journal of hematology, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 289-97. Tabak, N & Zvi, MR 2008, “When parents deny a sick adolescent the right to give informed consent: the role of the nurse” 2008, Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25, 3, pp.. 106-111.