Frederick TaylorFrederick Taylor published The Principles of Scientific Management in 1911, describing how to increase worker productivity using the principles of the scientific method. He proposed that there is a “best way” to accomplish any task and that by training any worker in this standard operation, production could be made more efficient. Taylor outlined four principles: • Replace work methods based on rules of thumb with methods based on scientific study of tasks. • Scientifically select, train and develop each employee rather than passively letting them train themselves. • Provide detailed instruction and supervision. of each worker in carrying out that worker's distinct task. Divide the work approximately equally between managers and workers, so that managers apply scientific management principles to planning work and workers actually carry out the tasks. , the forced adoption of the best tools and working conditions, and reinforced cooperation so that this faster work can be ensured. And the duty to enforce the adoption of standards and to enforce this cooperation rests solely with management. – Taylor, 1911Elton MayoUnlike Taylor and the scientific approach, Mayo developed the human relations movement, focused on the individual, their motivation and behavior. Specifically, Mayo conducted the Hawthorne Studies, observing employee motivation during changes in factors such as lighting. Ultimately, he concluded that the biggest motivator was communication, not external factors. The study and movement changed public administration, introducing the concept of the individual within the workplace. Max WeberWeber published his masterpiece Economics...... middle of paper ...... will not disappear, whether it persists in the founding of contemporary mainstream public administration. Postmodern public administration denounces the two most common alternatives to orthodoxy, constitutionalism (too conservative) and civics (too optimistic), but offers a new approach to governance, discourse theory. Fox and Miller's discourse theory allows for a plurality of points of view, asking only that participants in the discourse be sincere, transcend (but not deny) their own agendas, participate willingly, and offer substantive (broadly defined) contribution. . These requirements become the standards by which they judge certain current practices in public administration – opinion surveys, citizen panels and political analyzes – and find them insufficient. A truly discursive approach to public administration would avoid one-way interaction between civil servants and the public..