IntroductionThe impacts of glaciation during the Carboniferous and Permian periods are found in landmasses that were once united to form the geological supercontinent, Gondwana. A series of periods of fragmentation split the supercontinent, ultimately lasting 500 million years (quote). Continents that were once unified include landmasses that today are part of the Southern Hemisphere, including Antarctica, South America, Africa, India, and Australia (citation). Australia formed the northeastern part of the Gondwana coast located north of Antarctica (figure). About 250 million years ago, the Permo-Carboniferous period was a period of great glaciation. (quote) Glacial activity was thought to occur primarily from the Middle Carboniferous (ca. 327 Ma) to the early Late Permian (ca. 260 Ma). It reached a peak in global cooling and glacial activity at the end of the Lower Permian, reaching its end at the end of the Permian (citation). During this period of global cooling, central Gondwana became covered by an ice sheet. The presence of ice today, as described in (textbook), is due to h...