Cereals are the main source of food in the world. Among cereals, rice, corn and wheat are the main crops in terms of production, area and source of nutrition, especially in developing countries. About 70% of cultivated land is devoted to cereal crops. The world population is expected to grow by around 9 billion people in 2050 and now the demand for basic grains such as rice, corn and wheat etc. is increasing. will increase (Dixon et al. 2009). Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay Rice (Oryza sativa L) is a member of the Graminae family and, as a cereal grain, a major food source for much of the world's population. population. Along with corn, rice is grown in most tropical and subtropical regions. Rice is grown in approximately 114 countries around the world in Asia, Africa, Central and South America, and Northern Australia. Asia accounts for 90% of global rice production in China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Vietnam. There are different rice cultivation systems that have evolved to acclimatize to specific environments, such as lowland irrigated and rainfed areas, deep waters, tidal wetlands, and uplands. Irrigated rice is the major and dominant cropping system in the world. Among the total food grain production, rice contributes 43%, compared to 46% of the total grain production. It plays the most important role in the national food grain reservoir. Rice cultivation ranks third after wheat and corn in terms of global production. In India, rice ranks first among cereals in terms of area and production. Rice is grown in most Indian states. West Bengal is the largest rice producing state and Tamil Nadu has the highest productivity (Simon and Anamika 2011). In India, rice covers an area of ​​about 44 million hectares and an annual production of about 110.15 million tonnes (Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Development well-being of farmers, 2017-2018). Rice crop infected with various pests and diseases, including several plant nematodes, infect the rice host. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) adapted to each rice cultivation system presenting foliar and root parasites (Nicol et al. 2011). The foliar parasites are Aphelenchoides besseyi and Ditylenchus angustus. A. besseyi is a seed-borne nematode that causes rice disease. The symptom produced by A. besseyi is a whitening of the part of the end of the leaf (white tip disease) which transforms into necrosis, deformation of the last leaf where the panicle is enclosed. Plants infected by A. besseyi are stunted, lose vigor and their panicles become deformed, giving rise to small seeds (Ou 1985). Another foliar parasite, D. angustus (Ufra disease), is widespread in Southeast Asia, particularly in lowland and deep-water rice farming systems. Root parasitic nematodes (rice) consist of migratory endoparasites (Hirschmanniella spp.), sedentary endoparasites (cyst and root-knot nematodes), and several ectoparasites. Cyst nematode species distributed in lowland, upland and flooded rice farming systems are Heterodera oryzicola, H. oryzae, H. sacchari, etc. Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are important pests of vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants, other dicotyledons andsome monocotyledonous plants. The main species of RKN are Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M.renaria, M. graminicola, etc. widely distributed in tropical/subtropical regions while M. hapla in subtemperate climates. (Sasser 1980; Sasser et al. 1984; Dasgupta and Gaur 1986; Soriano and Reversat 2003; Somasekhar and Prasad 2009). As a staple food crop, rice has diverted more attention of nematologists to study the physiological and molecular interaction between rice and NPPs to help improve rice yield worldwide. There are several species of RKN infected in rice and the main species is Meloidogyne graminicola (RRKN). (Golden and Birchfield, 1965) widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia such as Burma, Bangladesh, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, India, China and the Philippines (Pankaj et al. 2010) in the cultivation of mountain, irrigated, rainfed lowland and deep-water rice (Arayarungsarit 1987; Bridge 1990; Bridge and Page 1982; Cuc and Prot 1992; Gaur et al. 1993, 1996; Socio-economic factors and climate change can lead to increasing water shortage, increase in production costs and also severe limitation of rice yield, which threatens food security Lowland rice production poses an international problem since the traditional rice production system. consumes a huge amount of water in the Southeast Asian region; water requirements are very high to support this type of rice production in Asia, out of a total of 79 million hectares of irrigated rice. , 17 million hectares are currently suffering from water scarcity and by 2025, water scarcity is expected to reach 22 million hectares. It is therefore mandatory to rely on water-saving rice production systems such as direct wet seeding, intermittent irrigation, raised beds, aerobic rice and many others. But the large-scale introduction of these methods leads to the development of an enormous population of M. graminicola (Waele and Elsen 2007). M. graminicola is very well adopted in flooded conditions, allowing it to continue to multiply inside the host tissue even if the roots are under deep water. Second instar juveniles of M. graminicola enter rice roots at higher altitudes, behind the root tip. Juveniles cannot penetrate when rice roots are flooded but invade immediately when the soil is drained. RRKN populations decline rapidly after 4 months, while juveniles and many egg masses remain viable for at least 5–14 months in waterlogged soil conditions. M. graminicola has a very short life cycle, which ends in 15 to 20 days at a temperature of 22 to 29 °C. graminicola was first described in 1965 from grasses and oats in Louisiana. This nematode causes serious damage to upland, lowland, deep water and irrigated rice. The most notable symptom on rice root includes swollen, hooked root tips. Aboveground symptoms consist of growth retardation and chlorosis leading to reduced tillers and yield. This nematode does not present specific symptoms on the surface, which underestimates the underground damage caused by producers (Mantelin et al. 2017). Grain yield loss due to M. graminicola in upland rice is estimated at about 2.6% per 1000 nematodes present around the rhizosphere of young plants (Rao and Biswas, 1973). The tolerance level of rice plants was determined to be less than one second instar juvenile/cm3 of soil in a flooded system (Plowright and Bridge, 1990). Juveniles of the second instar (J2) enter the rice root behind thethe root tip, inside the vascular tissue and produce a typical feeder cell, known as a giant cell (GC), which serves as a feeding site for nematodes. Cells surrounding the GC become hyperplastic and hypertrophied to form macroscopic hook-shaped galls on the root system (Kumari et al. 2016). M. graminicola is a nematode harmful to the rice and wheat cultivation system in the Indo-Gangetic plains and causing significant yield loss (17 to 30%). It is also found in all rice-growing states of India, with heavy losses in rice production (MacGowan 1989; Jain et al. 2007). To control M. graminicola, there are various management strategies such as cultural, biological, physical, mechanical and chemical management strategies. accessible methods but each method having certain restrictions. Among all, the chemical method is the most effective, but due to chemical toxicity, environmental problems and scarcity of availability in the market, its use is limited. Soil solarization is only possible on a small scale and is not recommended in temperate regions. Crop rotation is an effective option and capable of effectively managing nematodes, but may not be realistic in Southeast Asia due to land limitations, crop choice, seasonal flooding, and crop priority. producers to harvest rice. Hence the development of nematode-resistant cultivars constitute the most economical and sustainable strategy for nematode management. It is essential to seek out a resistant source to manage M. graminicola. Sources of resistance have been found in African rice, Oryza glaberrima and O. longistaminata against M. graminicola (Soriano et al. 1999) and variability up to a certain level has also been reported in the Indian context (Kumari et al. 2016). Wild relatives of African rice (O. glaberrima, O. longistaminata and O. rufipogon) that are partially or fully resistant to M. graminicola can act as resistant donors for interspecific crosses with Asian rice cultivars, O. sativa (Plowright et al. 1999). ; Soriano et al. 1999). Minimal breeding efforts have been made to develop nematode-resistant rice cultivars (Bridge et al. 2005). Various approaches and methodologies have been used to investigate sources of resistance against M. graminicola in rice. The appropriate breeding protocol used to identify nematode resistant breeding lines will allow thousands of genotypes to be evaluated for the breeding program (Boerma and Hussey 1992). Several protocols have been published to search for a source of resistance against other root-knot nematode species such as M. Arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica and M. hapla in soybean, tomato, potato, lettuce, pepper and some other crops (Hussey and Janssen 2002), but very limited for M. graminicola in rice and wheat (Kumari et al. 2016). Progress has been made in the development of powerful molecular genetics tools for the life sciences. These techniques can be used to improve yield, resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses and quality characteristics of crops. The development of various biotechnological tools correlates with the recognition of the usefulness of landraces, wild relatives and cultivated varieties of different crop species as a source of valuable genes for developing resistance to nematodes/other pathogens and countless characters of agronomic/horticultural value (Yencho et al.2000). Marking by activation/insertional mutagenesishas been reported as a powerful genomic strategy to find new candidate genes and demonstrate the variability of a particular trait (Weigel et al. 2000; Moin et al. 2016). This technology may be one of the auspicious tools for discovering resistant genes. source against M. graminicola in rice. The development of T-DNA-activated rice mutants is a potential approach to generate variants with different phenotypic traits. Screening mutants for the desired phenotypic trait and molecular characterization of insertion sequences provide a clue to the genes responsible for phenotype variation. Furthermore, this potential tool is competent to produce a large number of independent transformed lines with the probability of gain-of-function mutagenesis. High-throughput profiling of these activation marker lines provides useful resources for identifying genes involved in regulatory/biosynthetic pathways. T-DNA-tagged insertional mutants have been widely used to generate knowledge and identify genes responsible for various rice traits related to biotic and abiotic stress (Jeong et al. 2002). Among biotic stresses, mutant lines have been a great resource in the field of bacterial and fungal diseases (Lin et al. 2004). So far, no reports have demonstrated the usefulness of the variability of activation-tagged mutants to study plant-nematode interaction. A pMN20 activation marker vector with four copies of CaMV 35S enhancers and a glyphosate-tolerant plant breeding marker modified by the EPSPS gene was cloned into pMN20. The resulting pMN20 EPSPS binary vector with 4X 35S enhancers was used to develop transformants that, once integrated into the recipient plant genome, can function in either orientation, thereby enabling transcriptional activation of nearby genes leading to a particular phenotype. Development of large numbers of adequate activation-tagged mutants to assess the variability of different traits has been limited in the Indian subcontinent. The main concern is the lack of high-throughput, flexible, and genotype-independent transformation strategies. In this direction, a non-tissue culture based in planta transformation strategy of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, targeting the apical meristem, has been developed to transform a range of crops, including rice, for different traits (Nagaveni et al 2011). The advantage of this strategy is the possibility of developing a large number of transformants where the tissue culture step is completely avoided. However, rigorous selection agent-based screening is necessary for the identification of putative transformants (Shivakumara et al. 2017). Activation-marked mutants in the background of a higher rice genotype JBT 36/14 were developed by an in planta transformation technique (personal joint venture of Udaya Kumar). This pool of transformants is a potential source to screen for any desired trait. Initial screening of a few of these processed rices showed some resistance against M. graminicola (Udaya Kumar's personal commune). Now, these activation-tagged lines are used for screening against M. graminicola. Nematodes suspended in PF-127 (pluronic gel) can move freely in three dimensions in response to stable chemical gradients emanating from the host roots. Pluronic gel most suitable for screening rice plants against M. graminicola under in vitro conditions. PF-127 is a copolymer of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide that rarely exhibits toxicity to nematodes or plant tissues.