The company was knowingly involved in the illegal installation of "cheat software" in millions of its cars around the world. This unethical act was a lie about the true potential of the cars sold to his customers. By being involved in such fraudulent behavior, Volkswagen not only deceived people, but also caused apparent harm to the environment by emitting 40% more nitrous oxide than the EPA standard. According to Edward L Queen, director of the Ethics and Servant Leadership Program at Emory University, Volkswagen intentionally misled those to whom it had a duty of honesty. This was not a mistake, an error, an ethical lapse or a lack of judgment. This was an intentional and executed violation of the law, both in letter and spirit. This was also an ethical violation of the highest order (Queen, 2015). This should not be viewed as a misunderstanding or lack of communication, but as deliberate wrongdoing of which senior management of the company was aware.