CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 INTRODUCTIONMost of the world's major cities suffer from chronic environmental problems caused by waste. Due to these problems, the issue of reducing construction waste has become more and more serious. In Malaysia, this issue is of concern to the public and local communities as it has an impact on the environment resulting from construction waste which is not systematic. (Bégum, 2006). According to Faizul (2006), under the urban and rural development in Malaysia, the increase in construction waste has increased from time to time. This problem should find a specific solution to the collection of waste construction materials. A study by Mohd Nasir et al. (1998) reported that central and southern Malaysia produced industrial and construction waste accounting for 28% of municipal solid waste. Building materials are available at relatively low cost because reuse, recycling, and waste minimization practices are limited in the construction and natural resources industry. For the authorities, waste management and illegal dumping is a problem and there is no mandatory requirement for construction companies to adopt sustainable resources. (Begun et al 2009).Malaysia Productivity Corporation (2009) reported that in 2009, productivity growth in the construction sector in Malaysia was 5 percent. The growth in this figure shows that Malaysia's development plays an important role in contributing to the government's commitment to sustainable development. As a result, this supports predictions that construction waste generation rates will continue to rise, placing increasing pressure on the country's already overburdened waste management infrastructure.2.2 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYWo...... middle of paper ......or example, waste due to concrete slab thickness greater than that specified by the structural design. Ohno (1988) divides worker movement operations into waste and labor. Waste is the movement that does not add value and is not necessary. We often talk about unproductive time. Work includes both value-added and non-value-added work. This definition assumes that some non-value added work is necessary in production systems, due to current working conditions. For example, going to another location to remove parts, removing packaging from parts, etc. Womack and Jones (1996) describe waste as any human activity that absorbs resources but creates no value, such as errors that require rectification, production of items that no one wants, process steps that are not necessary , unnecessary movements of employees and people waiting. conclusion of upstream activities.