Table of ContentsFoundationProduction Pollination FloweringCulture A crop is “a plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence purposes. Cultivation can refer either to the harvested parts or to harvesting in a more refined state (hulled, hulled, etc.). Most crops are grown in agriculture or aquaculture. A culture is usually expanded to include macroscopic fungi (e.g. mushrooms) or algae (agriculture). or livestock (forage crops). Some crops are harvested from the wild (including intensive harvesting, e.g. ginseng). Development Qualitative changes in the function or number of cells, tissues, organs, or the entire plant. The goal of the Crop Development research area is to improve cultivars. Gene frequencies are constantly manipulated to develop new genotypes that will produce more efficiently under existing or potential environmental conditions. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get an original essay The germplasm collection is at the heart of the breeding program and is drawn from sources from around the world. New cultivars combining traits such as yield, quality, disease and pest resistance are continually being developed. This research area works in collaboration with the Crop Protection research area when breeding for pest and disease resistance. Maize Development Maize is the third most important cereal species in the world (after wheat and rice) and is grown in a wide range of climates, but primarily in warmer temperate and humid subtropical regions. Corn has multiple uses, notably for human and animal food, as well as for the manufacture of pharmaceutical and industrial products. It is the basic food source for people in many countries. As an animal feed it is highly desirable due to the high energy and nutritional value of the kernel, leaf and stem. It is becoming increasingly important in many countries for industrial and pharmaceutical applications. It can be used to produce starch, ethanol and plastics and as a basis for the production of antibiotics. Over the past 40 years, the total area planted to corn has increased by about 40% and production has doubled. The growth and development of the corn plant are complex processes. During the plant's life cycle, many growth stages overlap, and although one part of the plant is growing, another part may die. Figure v represents the progression of key growth stages and fundamental parts of the corn plant. The growth of a corn plant is defined as the accumulation of dry matter. Development concerns the progression of the plant from the vegetative (i.e. growing) stage to the reproductive stage. During the plant life cycle, there are several identifiable key stages during which the plant's requirements must be met to ensure high yields. Development of Wheat Wheat evolved from wild grasses and is thought to have been first cultivated between 15,000 and 10,000 BC. It is an annual plant belonging to the genus Triticum which includes soft wheat (Triticum aestivum) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum). Wheat is Australia's largest cereal crop. Australian wheat producersproduce around 16 million tonnes of wheat each year, 70% of which is exported. Globally, Australia is the world's fourth largest exporter, contributing approximately 11% of global trade, and the world's largest producer and exporter of white wheat. Asia, the Middle East and the Pacific are the main export destinations, while the domestic market is the largest single market and growing rapidly. Wheat cultivation goes through three distinct phases, from planting to harvest. They can be described as follows: Foundation The foundation phase begins from sowing and lasts until the start of stem extension. Meanwhile, over time, productive shoots/tillers and primary roots form as the canopy grows. The yield components (number of ears and grain sites/m2) are fixed at the end of this stage. Growth rate will depend on the environment with gloomy, cool days causing slow growth. In spring wheat, this phase will be rapid because the days are bright and temperatures increase. Construction The construction phase begins from the detection of the first node until flowering. This is a critical growing period as productive leaves, deep roots, fertile florets and stem reserves are formed. The canopy will be complete and capable of intercepting 95% of incoming photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Growth is very rapid and the daily nutrient demand of the soil is high. It is also called the high growth phase. Production The production phase begins just after flowering and lasts until grain filling and ripening. During this period, the critical yield components, namely grains/m2 and grain weight, will be determined. The health of the flag leaf and its nitrogen status must be maintained as it will contribute up to 70% of the carbohydrates found in the grain. Growth stages of wheat In more detail, the development of wheat can be described using a number of scales defined over the years. There are usually three used; Zadoks, Feekes and Haun, Zadoks being the most widely used to help make management decisions. Below is the detail of the scale. Barley Development Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a widely cultivated and highly adaptable winter cereal, used primarily for livestock feed and the production of malt for the brewing industry. Barley is an annual plant selected from wild grasses. It is believed to have been an important food crop as early as 8,000 BC in the Mediterranean/Middle East region. Due to barley's tolerance of salinity, by 1800 BC it had become the dominant crop in the irrigated regions of southern Mesopotamia, and it was not until the beginning of our era that wheat was become more widely cultivated. Barley is the second largest cereal crop in Australia. Over the past five years, Australian barley growers produced an average of 7.5 million tonnes of grain per year, almost 70% of which was exported. Australia is the second largest exporter of barley, contributing almost 30% of the global barley trade. Saudi Arabia, Japan and China are major importers of barley and these markets are growing rapidly. Growth and development The growth cycle of barley includes the following divisions: germination, seedling establishment and leaf production, tillering, stem elongation, pollination and grain development. and maturity. Each will be examined in more detail. Germination The minimum germination temperature for barley is 34 degrees to 36 degrees F (1 degree - 2degrees C). Once the seed has absorbed moisture, the primary root (radicle) emerges. The radicle grows downward, providing anchorage and absorbing water and nutrients, and eventually develops lateral branches. Other roots formed at the seed level constitute the seminal root system (figure 3). These roots become highly branched and remain active throughout the growing season. After the radicle emerges from the seed, the first leaf of the main shoot emerges. It is enclosed in the coleoptile for protection when it enters the soil. Therefore, sowing depth should not exceed the length the coleoptile can grow, usually no more than 3 inches (7.6 cm). Seedling establishment and leaf production Once the seedling has emerged, the coleoptile stops elongating and the first true leaf appears. . Then the leaves appear approximately every 3 to 5 days depending on the variety and conditions. Another way to quantify leaf appearance is to use accumulated heat units calculated by adding up the number of degrees above 40 degrees F for each day. Approximately 100 heat units accumulate between the appearance of successive leaves in medium-ripening barley. Eight or nine leaves typically form on the main stem, with later maturing varieties typically forming more leaves. The emergence of the last leaf, called the flag leaf, is an important growth stage in determining the timing of the application of certain growth regulators. *The heat units for each day are calculated with the following equation: Growth Degree Unit = (max temp + min temp)/2 - 40 degrees F Tilling When the plant has about three leaves, tillers begin usually to emerge.Capacity The transition of barley plants to tillering is an important method of adaptation to changing environmental conditions. When environmental conditions are favorable or if plant density is reduced, compensation is possible by producing more tillers. Under typical growing conditions for spring barley, tillers emerge after approximately 2 weeks, with their total number formed depending on the variety and environmental conditions. Deep seeding and high seeding rates generally decrease the number of tillers formed per plant. There may be more tillers when early season temperatures are low, when plant populations are low, or when soil nitrogen levels are high. Some tillers initiate roots, contributing to the nodal root system. About four weeks after crop emergence, some of the previously formed tillers begin to die without forming a spike (Figure 9). The extent of this premature death of tillers varies depending on environmental conditions and variety. Under poor or stressed growing conditions, plants respond by forming fewer tillers or displaying more premature tiller death. Stem Elongation Up to the joint, the plant's apex or growing point lies below the soil surface where it is somewhat protected from frost, hail, or other mechanical damage. Between 3 and 4 weeks after the plant emerges, the upper stem internodes begin to elongate, moving the growing point above the soil surface. The head also begins to grow rapidly, although it is still too small to be easily detected through the surrounding leaf sheaths. During the “bunch” stage, the spike becomes prominent inside the flag leaf sheath. Pollination and floweringPollination generally takes place in barley just before or during the emergence of the ear of the barley..