There are two crucial variables: the psychological state of readiness to take a specific action and the extent to which a particular course of action is considered beneficial in reducing threat (Rosenstock 1966: 98). In addition to the variables described above, another factor is a signal to provoke action, such as having had an accident yourself or recent media attention to the problem. This was called the “action signal”. Nisbet and Gick (2008: 297) summarized the model by essentially saying :