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Essay / Human Behavior in the State of Nature, by Thomas Hobbes
These natural laws lead us to see a way out of the state of nature. There are three such laws that are crucial to the eventual formation of a civil state. 1st law of nature: Above all, the passions that we create by being in the state of nature: the fear of death, drive us to seek peace. So we must find a way to live in peace as long as there is hope of obtaining it. 2nd Law of Nature: The problems of the State of Nature arise from equality and the Law of Nature which gives each of us the right to everything. If one claims all rights over all things, then conflict will be inevitable; if one does not have freedom, since rights are defined as freedom, then one will lose all rights to everything. Therefore, in the state of nature, the claim to the rights of nature is self-refuting. Hobbes argues that the best course of action is for a man to be willing to give up his right to all things so that others will be inclined to do so also. If people gave up only some of their rights, granting the ruler limited power, anarchy would quickly return. Hobbes argued that one must come to an agreement to relinquish all one's other natural rights; only then would we be obliged to respect the law. 3rd Law of Nature: An alliance is crucial to the formation of a Commonwealth. Hobbes says that unless some power keeps us in “terror,” we will not keep our promises or our contracts with one another. Once we come together as a community, we will have to keep our covenants, because the community will create judges and rulers who will have the power to punish us. It is this fear of punishment that pushes us to keep our promises. Hobbes once said that in the state of nature, justice and injustice do not exist. Indeed, in the state of nature, no one is required to respect their alliances and breaking a commitment.