The purpose of this article is to discuss the trend of increasing health problems in the modern dog caused by improper breeding practices. Definition of terms: COI - Shows the relationship between two pure breeds found by the formula:Fx = Sum[(½)n1 + n2 + 1(1 + FA)] (“About inbreeding”). Dystocia – Painful and difficult labor (“Dystocia Definition”). Elbow Dysplasia (ED) – Painful disorder of the elbow joint caused by inappropriate bone growth (Maki). underweight carrier (Maki).IntroductionDuring the latter part of human history, humanity has had a dramatic effect on the canine genome, using inappropriate breeding practices to achieve large changes in the physical appearance while having a negative impact on canine health (Arman). Because pedigree standards instituted by kennel clubs have historically focused on appearance rather than behavior or internal health, many breeders today incorporate breeding practices such as inbreeding and line breeding. to obtain an ideal pedigree (Maki). However, these breeding practices produce negative results by increasing the frequency of genetic disorders and decreasing the size of gene pools (“animal welfare”). Sensory, joint and heart disorders have now become a mainstay among dog breeds (Bjornerfeldt). Since many breeds exhibit characteristics that are inherently unnatural and unhealthy for each dog, veterinarians must intervene to maintain decent health. With each generation, these characteristics become more deeply encoded in the canine genome, perpetuating significant complications in...... middle of article...... ocia Definition - Medical Dictionary Definitions of Easily Defined Popular Medical Terms on MedTerms. " Web February 14, 2012. "Exophthalmos, Exophthalmos - WordWeb Dictionary Definition." WordWeb Online Dictionary and Web Thesaurus .Maki, K. "Population structure, inbreeding pattern and their association with hip and head dysplasia elbow. Dogs." 2001. Web. December 13, 2011. McGreevy. " Some Practical Solutions to Welfare Problems in Dog Breeding. "2006. Web. "A New Direction for Kennel Club Breed Regulations and Standards. " Web. 13 December 2011. .Rooney, Nicola. "Purebred Dog Breeding in the UK.". .